History of Apartheid in South Africa - 730 Words

Tiffany Ellis AC1110567 GE350 - World Geography Assignment 6_06 1/7/11 South Africa has had a history of treating people of African descent as inferior despite them being the majority. During the 19th century, British settlers tried to restrict the movement of black people in and around areas occupied by whites and controlled by the British. The South Africa Act of 1910 gave whites complete political control over all races. During World War II, Jan Smut led the United Party and began to loosen up on the segregation laws but the Sauer Commission was established in 1947 to focus on the relocation of blacks into urban areas and the negative effects it would have on white businesses and jobs. In the election of 1948, Smutss United†¦show more content†¦With Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd coming to power in 1958 and The Promotion of Black Self-Government Act of 1958, bantustans were allowed to form a government with political rights for blacks within them. The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 stripped black people of their South African citizenship and forced them to move to a Bantustan. In 1977 the National Party allowed coloreds into the government and the Tricameral Parliament was approved in 1982. Although coloreds were given voting rights, blacks still had no rights outside of their bantustans. Apartheid was strongly enforced by minorities over the years but the Apartheid Museum (2003) states it was met with non-violent resistance until the early 1960’s. In 1949 the African National Congress was led by youths and they began advocating to stand up to white authority using mass campaigns. In 1950 they held a series of strikes and boycotts termed the Programme of Action. In 1959 a group of African National Congress members formed the Pan Africanist Congress which organized a demonstration on March 21, 1960 in Sharpeville where 69 people were killed by police in what is now called the Sharpeville massacre. In the 1970’s some students started the Black Consciousness Movement which supported the black pride and African customs that apartheid tried to destroy. Labor unions joined theShow MoreRelatedHistory of Apartheid in South Africa1679 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid; the word alone sends a shiver down the spines of the repressed African community. Apartheid represents a mordant period in the history of South Africa, when the policy of segregation and political and economic discriminating against non-European groups in the Republic of South Africa. The purpose is to educate the entire community not only to act against apartheid now, but to learn from the struggle against apartheid in order to help build a worldRead MoreA Brief History of Apartheid in South Africa Essay examples676 Words   |  3 PagesA Brief History of Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid is not a new thing. Ever since Dutch colonists landed in 1652, Blacks and Whites have lived apart in South Africa. Officially started in 1948 when the Afrikaner Nationalist party came to power, apartheid is a system of racial laws devised to Preserve and promote a white majority over a black majority. It has a lot of opposition and it led to an international boycott of South Africa because of it. Read More South African Apartheid Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesof South Africa had to endure racial inferiority during the era of apartheid. The apartheid laws the government of South Africa made led to an unequal lifestyle for the blacks and produced opposition. South Africa really began to suffer when apartheid was written into the law. Apartheid was first introduced in the 1948 election that the Afrikaner National Party won. The plan was to take the already existing segregation and expand it (Wright, 60). Apartheid was a system that segregated South Africa’sRead MoreApartheid in South Africa Essays1245 Words   |  5 Pages The word apartheid comes in two forms, one being the system of racial segregation in South Africa, and the other form is the form that only those who were affected by apartheid can relate to, the deeper, truer, more horrifying, saddening and realistic form. The apartheid era truly began when white South Africans went to the polls to vote. Although the United Party and National Party were extremely close, the National party won. Since they won, they gained more seats and slowly began to eliminateRead MoreEssay on The Legacy of Apartheid in South Africa1635 Words   |  7 Pagesrather how its citizens are regarded. In order to attain strength, a nation must respect the principle of solidarity; the power of one voice. For without a defined sense of unity, a society is likely to crumble. Unfortunately, as seen throughout history, civilization has often made it their mission to seek out the differences in one another instead of accepting them. This fear of the unknown has led to human kind’s most despicable behavior; the separation of individuals due to their physical attributesRead MoreThe Great Divide : How And Why The Apartheid Differ From Colonial Rule1438 Words   |  6 PagesTHE APARTHEID DIFFERED FROM TYPICAL COLONIAL RULE â€Æ' It is a well-known fact that during European colonial rule, Africans were exposed to a multitude of injustices including warfare, slavery, and the occupation of their lands by European invaders. In retrospect, the ashes of traditional African societies are what built thriving European-owned African mining, agricultural and rubber economies. But nothing that Africa had previously suffered was quite like the apartheid, which South AfricaRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1174 Words   |  5 PagesSome periods in human history are simply shameful. The period of apartheid policy in South Africa was one of these times. Apartheid featured a rebirth of racist legislature in South Africa from the 1950s to the 1990s. Essentially, these laws treated people who were not white as completely separate from society; the term apartheid literally means â€Å"apartness.† The national legislature in South Africa wanted to suppress blacks and ensure a white supremacy in the government. Basically, politicalRead MoreEssay about Nelson Mandela Worked to End Apartheid in South Africa915 Words   |  4 PagesI have always thought that Nelson Mandela has been one of the most important people in history. I find it very fascinating that one man could end the Apartheid and that is why I want to find out more about this. South Africa is a country with a past of enforced racism and separation of its multi-racial community. The White Europeans invaded South Africa and started a political system known as Apartheid (meaning apartness). This system severely restricted the rights and lifestyle of the non-WhiteRead MoreHistory Of Musical History, And Music Theory Of South Africa997 Words   |  4 PagesSara Dietrich Mr. Moore AMU3M January 6, 2015 South Africa This paper is going to talk about the history, musical history, and music theory of South Africa. The country is populated with 52.98 million people and the main religion is Christian. The country of South Africa is located on the southern most tip of the continent of Africa and covers 4% of the total landmass. It is bordered by Mozambique, Namibia, and Botswana. It is a very biodiverse country because of the Atlantic ocean flankingRead MoreSlavery, Colonialism and Capitalism783 Words   |  3 Pageslink between Colonialism and Slavery, South Africa was colonialized in 1652 by the Dutch (South African History Online, n.d: 81) the colonization of South Africa came with slavery. Slavery and Colonization had a few things in common, one being that the black race became servants (South African History Online, n.d: 83) to the superior white settlers. What makes South Africa and other countries like Nigeria and Sudan (Robinson, 1984: 265) countries with a history of colonization is th e fact that each

Interview with Anne Shapiro - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1997 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Oral History Essay Did you like this example? On November 13, 2018 I was given the chance to interview a woman named Anne Shapiro. Anne is a retired accounted who taught my grandmother to speak English up until last year when my grandma past away. Together we discussed her life in detail, she held nothing back, and we examined her life through the lens of the broader context of the history of women in the U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Interview with Anne Shapiro" essay for you Create order Anne is the second of two children. She has a brother who is thirteen months older than her. She was born in Chicago in 1942 to educated parents from very different backgrounds who provided models for interesting lives without undue deference to cultural norms. During her lifetime, Anne, a white woman, continued the ways of the middle class she was brought up with by her parents. She grew up in a neighborhood where 100% of the residents were born in America, 100% of them were white, and 90% were Jewish. Anne is now 76, divorced and living in Pasadena to be closer to her only child and her brother. While Anne’s family lived up to the cultural norms of the 40’s and 50’s where the woman stayed at home and the man went to work, they did not preach this lifestyle. She had a liberal upbringing and yet she was not involved in many of the women’s movements going on at the time. After hearing about Anne’s experiences, I see that I can put them in conversatio n with the historical context of Women’s education, sexual division of labor in the U.S., and the birth control movement. Anne’s father missed the first two years of her life because he was enlisted in WWII. He was sent to pacific as a doctor specializing in orthopedic surgery with the Marine Corps and landed on Tarawa and Saipan two really terrible battles of war and he was on front lines doing surgery on the wounded rather than shooting. He probably suffered PTSD but that was not a term then. Anne recalls how the war affected her family by saying; â€Å"It interrupted my parents lifemy mother with the fear of the death of her husband and taking care of two babies alone; my father with the experience of terrible battles.† He was 41 in 1945 and just beginning a life that had been interrupted for the war years. Anne’s mother was a college educated nurse but never worked after having children. As a result of the Great Depression when her parents were growing up the family’s political views were very liberal but not to the extreme of being communists. This allowed their childre n, especially their daughter Anne to have a life that many women of her generation could not. This was a mindset shared by the majority of her extended family including a female cousin who graduated from Yale Law School in 1951 when no women went to law school. The Shapiro family was fortunate enough to have money so that both children could go to college. Her brother became a general surgeon graduating from Johns Hopkins University. Due to her gender Anne was not pushed to enter the medical field by her parents. They did want her to go to college but she did not have the same pressure as her brother to become a doctor or even enter the scientific field, which at the time was dominated by men. Chemist Betty Lou Raskin addressed this idea in a 1958 address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She blamed â€Å"cultural conditioning and poor vocational guidance† (Raskin 1958) for women’s lack of interest in scientific careers. Anne received her BA from the University of Michigan, MA from University California, Berkeley, MBA from State University of NY Buffalo, and CPA from New York State. In 1963, when she graduated from Michigan, there were limited job opportunities for women but she did not work at the t ime and chose to be a stay at home mom. By the time she completed her MBA/CPA in 1981 most fields were in process of opening up for women but as we know a slow process indeed. Anne was never involved in women’s organization but is very supportive of them. She even says; â€Å"I was not personally involved in formal organizations such as women’s organizations, environmental organizations but always supported/worked for liberal causes.† While at Berkley she did participate in civil rights movement. She was part of the very first sit in and was arrested with 800 other Berkeley students in 1964. The movement was about civil rights. They asserted that, under free speech they were allowed to hand out literature on campus to protest racial segregation in Oakland California. The University said it was private property and they could not hand out the literature. 800 students were arrested led by Mario Savio. After being arrested Anne met her future husband on their way to jail and in the end, they won the court case. She says it was her choice to stay home and raise her child that stopped her from participating in the women’s movement be cause she felt was not in the position to do both at the same time. The division of labor in middle class home in the 40’s and 50’s was defined by cultural norms and Anne’s family followed this pattern: stay at home mother; working father and no divorce. She was very adamant that I know â€Å"They lived the model but did not â€Å"preach† the model.† Her mother was tall, thin and considered by all the kids elegant and extremely pretty. She was educated and read all the time, something unusual for women at that time. For Anne having a child had little impact on work because she chose to be stay at home mom for 7 years and her husband was a professor of literature who did all his professional writing at home so there was home care after she went to work. Her husband arranged his classes for when their daughter was in school so that he can be home with her when Anne was at work. Anne and her husband shared everything financially and generally agreed on how to allocate money. Although they had a very modern household th eir home was still somewhat affected by the traditional roles of the 50’s. Anne cooked and kept the â€Å"house going† though she and her husband shared more responsibilities for their daughter than fathers of the 50’s. Especially Anne’s own father who was old when he had children, war weary and working very hard as a doctor. Seeing as she had a lot of freedom with her parents, husband, and work life, she did not radically challenge women’s roles. Anne worked continuously from 1981 to 2012 all in finance at Cornell University and did not face many of the problems most women of her generation had to endure at work because she started working in the 80’s when a change was taking place for women in the workplace. Anne has been very lucky to feel as though she has always been taken seriously at work and always worked for firms where she had opportunity for advancement. It is important to note this crucial fact relating to her career; â€Å"Remember, I did not pursue my last and final career (CPA) until I was 40 (1982) and by then so much had changed. Had I pursued a serious career in my 20’s there would have been many more constraints related to being a woman. I did not experience being a â€Å"woman† as a detriment to advancement except I did understand that the accounting firm rarely promoted women to senior partners.† The fact that women at her firm were rarely promoted to senior partner is sexual di vision of labor that is right in line with Ruth Milkman’s speculations about the division of labor during and after World War II, and how women were only hired into â€Å"specific classifications that management deemed ‘suitable’ for women and were excluded from other jobs† (Milkman, WA 537) . Anne also adds that there was no women’s work culture in any place she worked. Unfortunately, this was that harsh reality for women who worked at the time and even in some places today. Dating was very important for Anne and her friends in the 50’s. Everyone wanted to be popular. Pre-Marital Sex was not something she and her cohorts were involved in, in high school, or college. In 1963 all of that changed with pill. The issue of â€Å"purity† disappeared before the â€Å"pill† but fear of pregnancy was very strong deterrent to pre-marital sex and abortions were still illegal. Margaret Sanger who coined the term â€Å"birth control.† In 1965, after it was legalized, as described in Beth Bailey’s â€Å"Prescribing the Pill: The Coming of the Sexual Revolution in America’s Heartland,† women were given contraceptives at public clinics only by licensed physicians and a commonly held view was that premarital sex was an immoral practice (Bailey, WA 632- 633) . Anne did not know anything about the fight to have the pill so it wasn’t shameful or difficult for her to use it when she met her husband and always saw it as a n option for herself. They lived together and travelled together before marriage and she was taking birth control at that time. After a short time, she stopped taking them because the pills affected her system and so she switched to a diaphragm. At 30, they decided to have a child and found out that she could not get pregnant due to tubal scar tissue from surgery (appendectomy) when she was 15. So, they did something that was not common for the time. They adopted a daughter. This is incredible because Ann was unable to do the only thing that the people and media at the time thought women were goof for; having children. Instead of abandoning her like many other men would have done, she and her husband adopted a child and lived a life of equality together. Historian Beth Bailey’s research has shown, that mainstream support for, and legalization of, birth control in the 1960s was hastened not so much by feminism. Rather by its connections to Cold War fears over population and Johnson’s Great Society programs that merged public health with family planning in the U.S. Anne’s recollections confirmed this insight; she did not associate birth control or herself with the feminist movement, but rather stated that as far as she could remember birth control was just always an option for her. She saw it as a convenient means of family planning which in the end she did not even need. (630). These days Anne is modestly involved in community and political activities but none are gender specific or related to women’s role. Pro Choice is very important to her and women’s education in general and in math and science are also of great importance to her. Her family life changed with the divorce. As a woman who grew up in the 50’s, she simply never imagined she would be divorced. The most important change she has experienced is a deep understanding about â€Å"individuality†Ã¢â‚¬â€how profoundly different each person is and the critical need to understand, accept and respect these differences. She says â€Å"the 1950’s was marked by a very narrow interpretation of how people are and what they should do. My family never actively promoted these interpretations but they were in the â€Å"air† and therefore influenced everyone.† Her views on women’s roles were always broader than the general culture because of her parents. In terviewing Anne has been very informative for me. It is true that she has not faced the typical difficulties like most women of her time, yet she has and continues to have a remarkable life. The thing I find most inspiring about Anne’s life is her openness and acceptance of people and ideas without judgement. This been an amazing experience and I hope to one day be more like her.

The Cultural Perspective On Children s Learning Essay

The first idea which interested me came from Chapter one. The socio- cultural perspective. This perspective explains, how children’s learning is influenced by family and culture in which children are living. A pioneer of the sociocultural approach was psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934). L. Vygotsky believed that children’s learning and development is strongly influenced by child’s culture and how children develop and learn can be different from culture to culture. He proposed that children, in order to learn, need to be supported by other people. For example, teachers and peers, who already gained particular knowledge. The second theorist of socio-cultural approach was B. Rogoff (1950). Same as L. Vygotsky, she believed, that children learn best through interaction with other people and through experiencing things by themselves. B. Rogoff stresses, that children are learning as an individual, by exploring and observing they surroundings; and they can influence other children’s learning (Starting with the child,2016). Moreover, she views children as actively participates in a learning process. I have found the socio-cultural perspective interesting, as it helps me to understand, what shapes children behaviour and what makes them as individuals. Lots of children came from different backgrounds and every one of them have been modelled by culture and society. I am supporting socio-cultural approach in my work. This means that I am providing lots of practical activitiesShow MoreRelatedSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 PagesSocio-cultural assessment is realising and understanding the way a child responds to challenges and change. Their responses and perceptions are based on the world in which they live. Their understanding of the world comes from the values and beliefs of the adults, community, socio-economic status, education and culture that surround them. (Mooney, 2000). When making an assessment on an individual child it is necessary to consider the background and culture in which they exist. Berger (2005), statesRead MoreMulticultural Approach Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesMulticultural Approach Doris McMillan ECE 405: Children Families in a Diverse Society August 29, 2010 Definitions of multicultural education vary. Some place emphasizes on the cultural characteristics of diverse groups, some emphasize social problems such as those associated with oppression, some place emphasize on political power, while others on the reallocation of economic resources. Some restrict their focus to people of color, while others include all major groups that are differentRead MoreThe Cultural Nature Of Human Development1257 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermining when one should expect children to be capable of certain skills. Every day, our communities develop as generations of individuals make choices and invent solutions to changing circumstances. Our ongoing daily activities, ranging from learning when to brush our teeth, to learning the numbers on a telephone. Barbara Rogoff’s The Cultural Nature of Human Development discusses cultural patterns as they relate to human development. Human development is a cultural process by which devices such asRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of the Sociocultural Perspective986 Words   |  4 Pagessome of the other sciences. Over the years, social scientists have developed theories or perspectives based off of their observations, research, and the perspectives of other scientists. Although there is some overlap, each of the major perspectives of psychology is unique. As a result, they each have strengths and weaknesses and explain psychology in a different way. One theory, the sociocultural perspective, is exactly what its name suggests. It’s the idea that the society and groups that anRead MoreThe Functionalist Perspective And The Conflict Perspective1349 Words   |  6 PagesAs with disease, discrimination is a major killer of a unified nation. This paper will express two theories cultural deprivation, connected to the ideals of the functionalist perspective and cultural bias, which is associated with the conflict perspective. I will also express how the epidemic of racism with in a minority community allows lawmakers to undermine the abilities of these communities, therefore, limiting resources to public schools subsequently assisting in institutional racism on a systemicRead MoreEssay on Multicultural Education1681 Words   |  7 Pagessystem is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the need of school reform. The Civil Rights movement launched by African Americans in the 1960’s, which resulted in theRead MorePiaget and Vygotsky1272 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpreted as the gradual orderly development of thinking, understanding and reasoning processes from birth to maturity. The aim of primary school is to build the knowledge and the skills children need to have for further cognitive development. Therefore, the constant development of coginition is very important to young children, because it gives them the basic understanding towards themselves and the world. As a result, in order to assist and support children’s early cognitive development, teachers applyRead MoreThe Cultural Point Of View942 Words   |  4 PagesPsychologists use a wide range of ways to deal with, comprehend and clarify human behavior. The social/cultural point of view otherwise called sociocultural, is one method used to grasp why peop le act the way they do. This method looks to comprehend human behavior and identity improvement by inspecting the standards of the social gatherings and subgroups in which the individual is a part of. (Nevid, 2003) These principles are regularly unwritten rules that assist to direct a person’s activities.Read MoreOutline the main similarities and differences between Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s explanations for cognitive development in children1702 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment in children. Piaget and Vygotsky were both, looking into the same period of cognitive development in infants and children and sharing the same basic concerns. Piaget (1896-1980) developing his theory slightly earlier than Vygotsky (1896-1934) who worked to show that there were certain flaws in Piaget s theory of genetic epistemology. Vogotsky and his social-cultural theory of cognitive development might be seen as the Soviet counterpart to Piaget s western individualist perspective. PiagetRead MoreSecond Language Learning And Teaching Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesSecond Language Learning and Teaching Part 1: Summaries of THREE texts Having read ‘Languages in Aotearoa New Zealand’, published on March 2013, by Royal Society of New Zealand, I was able to comprehend how important language diversity both individually and socially within New Zealand’s community. Language diversity is a major factor in life, which is often overlooked and often underappreciated in New Zealand. Even though, New Zealander’s have a range of cultures and religions, as a country, we

Analysis of Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay - 1173 Words

Robert Frost’s Mending Wall In his poem Mending Wall, Robert Frost presents to us the thoughts of barriers linking people, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from barriers. His messages are conveyed using poetic techniques such as imagery, structure and humor, revealing a complex side of the poem as well as achieving an overall light-hearted effect. Robert Frost has cleverly intertwined both a literal and metaphoric meaning into the poem, using the mending of a tangible wall as a symbolic representation of the barriers that separate the neighbors in their friendship. â€Å"Mending Wall† is about two neighbors who disagree over the need of a wall to separate their properties. Not only does the wall act as a†¦show more content†¦The use of conversation and the thoughts of the narrator reflect the poets own thoughts. In line thirty to line thirty-five, the narrator questions the purpose of a wall. He has an open disposition and does not understand the need to â€Å"wa ll in† or â€Å"wall out† (line 33) anything or anyone. Imagery is one of the poetic techniques that Robert Frost uses in ‘Mending Wall’ to convey his ideas. In the first eleven lines of the poem, Frost uses imagery to describe the degradation of the wall, creating a visual image for the reader. The sentence structure of the first line in the poem places emphasis on â€Å"something†. This, compound with the use of personification, makes â€Å"something† appear alive and even human-like. Animate qualities have been given to â€Å"something† through the use of the words â€Å"love†, â€Å"sends†, â€Å"spills†, and â€Å"makes gaps† (lines 1-4), illustrating a vivid impression of the degradation of the wall. Nature, in the form of cold weather, frost and the activities of small creatures, gradually destroys the wall. The narrator seems to believe that walls are unnatural and suggests that nature dislikes walls. This is portrayed through the phrase â€Å"sends the frozen ground swell under it† (line 2). The poem describes nature-making holes in the wall large enough that â€Å"even two can pass abreast† (line 4). Literally, this refers to the size of the holes. However, it may also be interpreted thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Robert Frosts Mending Wall995 Words   |  4 Pages Mending Wall† is a poem by the twentieth century American poet Robert Frost. Whenever we learn about poetry in school, Robert Frost has always been one of my favorite poets (along with Charlotte Brontà «). Poems like The Road Not Taken† and Nothing Gold Can Stay† were always my favorites. I remember reading Mending Wall† sometime freshman or sophomore year, and it had intrigued me. We hadnt looked to deep into the poem as much as I would have liked. All of his poems have thisRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Robert Frosts Mending Wall1031 Words   |  5 PagesTo build a wall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending Wall† is a poem written in Robert Frost’s second book of poetry, â€Å"North of Boston†. This poem tells a story about the so called crucial part of every piece of property, a fence, and the advantages and disadvantages that seem to come with having a fence in your property.This poem involves two neighbors who hold opposite answers as to weather the wall should stay or go. Though the speaker presents himself as an enlightened person and his neighbor as a foolish prisonerRead MoreEssay about The Dark Side of Humanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry991 Words   |  4 PagesHumanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry Robert Frost is often referred to as a poet of nature. Words and phrases such as fire and ice, flowers in bloom, apple orchards and rolling hills, are all important elements of Frosts work. These ‘benign objects provide an alternative way to look at the world and are often used as metaphors to describe a darker view of nature and humans. In Frosts poetry, the depth is as important as the surface. The darker aspects of Frosts poetry are often portrayedRead MoreThe Dark Side of Robert Frost’s Nature Essay2339 Words   |  10 PagesRobert Frost is known for his poems about nature, he writes about trees, flowers, and animals. This is a common misconception, Robert Frost is more than someone who writes a happy poem about nature. The elements of nature he uses are symbolic of something more, something darker, and something that needs close attention to be discovered. Flowers might not always represent beauty in Robert Frost’s poetry. Symbolism is present in every line of the nature’s poet’s poems. The everyday objects presentRead MorePoem Analysis of Mending Wall1121 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor ****** Poem Analysis Mending Wall I chose this poem because the wall reminds me of my personal struggles with other people. When people annoy or bother me I instantly put up an imaginary wall between me and that person. They ask me to stop ignoring them and I just shrug their request, just like in this poem. I decide that the wall between us is better up than down because I was afraid of getting mad and saying things that I would regret later on. Mending Wall, by Robert Frost portrays theRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s The Mending Wall 1311 Words   |  6 PagesIn Robert Frost the Mending Wall it is about the obligation of boundaries and the deceiving influences employed to abolish them. The poem shows how two individuals have different opinions on a wall that divides their properties. As the poem goes on, one would think that there is a connection between the two, through the rebuilding of the wall every spring. Richard Cory and Miniver Cheevy have many similarities as well as differences, on one hand you h ave a rich and depressed individual that is admiredRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helpedRead MoreStopping By The Woods Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of revelation. Exploration of self and the wider world is a multifaceted component, manipulated to be found in all aspects of life. Composers such as Robert Frost and David Wilkie incorporate these notions into their literary works. Robert Frost dexterously composed the poems Stopping by the woods on a snowy evening and Mending Wall to reflect the ambiguous nature of man’s interpretive expeditions. Similarl y, David Wilkie adapts Titan’s 16th century ‘Supper at Emmaus’ to his 19th CenturyRead More An Analysis of Mending Wall Essay2101 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis of Mending Wall Robert Frost once said that Mending Wall was a poem that was spoiled by being applied. What did he mean by applied? Any poem is damaged by being misunderstood, but thats the risk all poems run. What Frost objects to, I think, is a reduction and distortion of the poem through practical use. When President John F. Kennedy inspected the Berlin Wall he quoted the poems first line: Something there is that doesnt love a wall. His audience knew what he meant andRead MoreUsing Denotative And Connotative Meanings LA Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesmake sure you have met the expected criteria for the assignment. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. 1. Effect of Connotative Meanings a. Find and record six examples of connotative meaning from Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"Tear Down This Wall† speech. Then note whether the word or phrase has a negative or a positive connotation and the effect Reagan was trying to achieve by using it. Type your response here: Germany in a gash of barbed wire has a negative connotation Concrete has positive

The Importance of Environmental Protection Practical Steps to Support It Free Essays

Since the second half of the 20th century, the results of environmental destruction and the exploitation of natural resources have become increasingly obvious. Now, 7 billion people are sharing this planet, and scientists predict that the population will increase to 10 billion people in this century. However, we already face difficulties with dwindling natural resources and environmental pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Environmental Protection Practical Steps to Support It or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is growing evidence that some natural disasters are due to our behavior. We already face tremendous changes caused by carbon emissions and deforestation. Glaciers are melting, and sea levels rise continuously. Our hunger for more gas, oil and water even induced earthquakes. These 1 are enough experiences to wake us up! Environmental protection H. H. the 14th Dalai Lama (the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists) and H. H. the 17th Karmapa Urgyen Trinley Dorje (the spiritual guide of the Tibetan Kagyu tradition)are strong advocates for environmental protection. Vietnamese Master Thich Nhat Hanh is also very active in this regard, only to mention a few spiritual leaders who are engaged in environmental protection. H. H. the Dalai Lama mentioned at the Environmental Summit in Portland in May 2013 that his strong commitment to environmental protection started more than 20 years ago. In 1992 the Dalai Lama attended the first environmental conference in Rio de Janeiro and spoke about his views on universal responsibility. One year later, he was invited to an international conference, â€Å"Ecological Responsibility –a Dialogue with Buddhism† in New Delhi, India. Prominent Buddhist teachers and scientists attended this conference. As a result they published a public appeal entitled, â€Å"For Our Universal Responsibility. † Many talks and articles by H. H. the DalaiLama about this topic followedand are now published in 2 diverse media worldwide. These can be found on his homepage. H. H. the Karmapa has spoken for a number of years on the importance of protecting the environment for the future of this world and for the Dharma. He says, â€Å"Ever since the human race first appeared on this earth, we have used this earth heavily. It is said that ninety-nine percent of the resources and so on in this world come from the natural environment. We are using the earth until she is used up. The earth has given us immeasurable benefit, but what have we done for the earth in return? We always ask for something from the earth, but never give her anything back. â€Å"3 Sentient beings are totally dependent on the four elements of earth, fire, wind and water. H. H. the Karmapa says, â€Å"Both the bodyand mind are strongly connected to the unaltered, natural elements. â€Å"4We only can survive because nature and other sentient beings make our lives possible. Therefore, we need to strive to bring this awareness into our lives for our own good. We need to educate each other about the importance of protecting and caring for our environment. Practical Steps Towardsa Healthy Relationship with the Environment H. H. the Karmapa’s vision is supported by an association called â€Å"Khoryug,† which means â€Å"environment† in Tibetan. Formed by Tibetan monasteries in the Kagyu tradition, the association promotes environmental projects under the Karmapa’s leadership. A bilingual homepage in English and Tibetan has been established to provide information on these projects. In 2009, the Karmapa organized the first conference for environmental protection for Kagyu monasteries and Dharmacenters in Sarnath, India. As a result of this conference, he published a booklet entitled, â€Å"108 Things You Can Do To Help The Environment. † You can download thisbooklet, whichis inspiring and helpful not only for monasteries and Buddhist centers, but also forBuddhist practitioners and non-Buddhists worldwide. I’d like to mention some things you will find in this booklet about what we can do to protect our environment from destruction: Environmental protection starts with us. We need to look at our own behavior to consider how we can support a healthy environment for this century and beyond. To start, we can do aspirational How to cite The Importance of Environmental Protection Practical Steps to Support It, Papers

Comparative Analysis of Export Promotion Strategies †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Analysis of Export Promotion Strategies. Answer: Introduction: The report is prepared to demonstrate the change experienced by Egypt due to industrial revolution. Discussion incorporates era of Egypt before and after revolution. Analysis has been done by illustrating the impact on import and export of nation and its flow of foreign direct investments. Various foreign trade agreements that Egypt has entered into and its political, social and economic impacts have been discussed. Egypt was mainly an agrarian country before witnessing industrial revolution. Considerable changes were brought resulting from revolution (Abdelrahman 2014). The phase of industrial revolution was identified for the period roughly from 1750 to 1825. Some of the major industries in Egypt were textile industries due to higher cotton production. Before industrial revolution, Egypt was not well-equipped with social, political and economic tools. Due to relatively higher production of cotton, the economy of Egypt was known as an agricultural economy. Revolution transitioned the agricultural development to capitalism. The industrial revolution of 1952 gave birth to industrialization in Egypt (Alexander et al. 2014). Industrialization of Egyptian economy were affected in broader way resulting from the agricultural sector industrialization. Practices and structure of Egyptian agriculture was significantly changed due to increasing cotton export on large scale. Agricultural land was transformed into private property due to rapid expansion of cultivation of cotton and thereby restructuring of agrarian social relations. In year 1876, nation went ban krupt and during this time, one of the major part of Egyptian economy was exporting of cotton. Rural economy integration into broader market economy was another development of Egyptian agriculture. Investment of European capital was done in projects of irrigation system, railroads and ports. Investment was made in many industries such as steel, textile, paper, fertilizers, minerals and iron. Reason behind investment made in such industries was to improve industrialization and to attain a level of self-sufficiency. After industrialization that is since year 1961, the import of raw materials increased significantly and consequently, it has speeded up the industrialization. Some of issues that was faced by nation involved exchange and fiscal crisis. Egypt faced increased recession resulting from limited flow of funds due to war periods in sixties and seventies. An open door policy was initiated by government from year 1975 to 1985 that led to encouragement of domestic and foreign investments. After the era of revolution, import restriction policies was imposed by government that leads to entrepreneur shifting to industrial development against engaging in imports. One of the major part of story of development of Egypt is industrialization (Daoud 2014). Industrialization in E gypt can be explained by breaking down in three periods. During the first half of nineteenth century, focus of nation was promotion of modern industries that were sponsored by state. In second period of British influence from 1890 to 1920, there was limited development of industries. The reason is attributable to the fact that during that period, the attempt of Egyptian to industrialize was discouraged by British and more emphasis was on promotion of cultivation of cotton. Growth of industries under tariff protection was witnessed in year 1930 and during 1950s, industrialization was at its peak. Development of Egypt as an export economy was witnessed due to failure of industrialization efforts in wake of period of Mohammad Ali. During Great Depression, export led growth weakened and development of Egyptian firms was witnessed during inter war period. One of example of phenomenon of export based economy was Misr Bank that had direct ties to companies involved in building materials, t extiles, maritime, air transportation, insurance, mining and pharmaceuticals. It was a major representation in the development of economy of Egypt. A broader trend of government adopting policies that favoured industry and increasing nationalism was also witnessed in inter-war period. New industries in Egypt was granted credit and special promotion (Gunning et al. 2014). This resulted beginning of new wave of industrialization. In the twentieth century, growth of industries in Egypt characterise the development of economy. Main trade partners and import and exports for past 10 to 15 years: Traditionally, the main trading partner of Egypt is European Union and the most important trade agreement that nation entered in year 2004 is Egypt-EU FTA. 1995 Barcelona process governed the economic relations between Egypt and European Union that aimed at establishment of cooperative framework leading to advancement in social and economic development. In year 2001, there was establishment of bilateral working group on services liberalization. Egypt is a member of Great Arab Free trade area and the main trading partners till period 2004-2008 are depicted in table below: There has been growth in overall value of exports and 39% of exports were mainly absorbed by EU. Dynamic growth have been witnessed in other trading partners and share of exports of Egypt for Great Arab foreign trade agreement increased. Relative share of export destination for Jordan, Turkey and common market for Southern and Eastern Africa have also increased. Strong growth was also witnessed for non-foreign trade agreement partners. Egypt and Mexico also has increased share of export growth while US share for exports decline (Bank 2015). Imports from EU had increased since 2000 by 12%. However, their role as import source had fallen to 32% in year 2008 as against 38% in 2000. Relative share of Egypt market has increased for Great Arab foreign trade agreement. Significant growth had been recorded from China since year 2000 by 28%. US import share had declined since to 11% in 2008 as against 17% in 2000 (Baldwin 2013). The climate of foreign investors improved due to liberalizing trade. Liberalization of foreign investment regime was one of the core element of economic reforms in year 2004. This was done with the intention of attracting foreign direct investment in service and manufacturing sectors. More than 80 bilateral investment treaties was signed by Egypt as a part of this endeavour (Titus et al. 2013). A free trade area is established due to association agreement between EU and Egypt that is in force since year 2004. This eliminated significant concession on agricultural products and tariff on agricultural products. Furthermore, nation entered into an ambition agreement came into force on 1st June, 2010 regarding agricultural products, fisheries products and processed agricultural products. In Southern Mediterranean region, the main trading partner for EU is Egypt. Agreement between two these two parties have improved the trading condition of nation since industrial revolution. The EU-Egypt since year 2004 at 11.8 billion has doubled and has achieved highest level since year 2016 to seven billion. EU has ranked first as import and export partner while covering 31.3% of trade volume in 2016. FDI in Egypt and how the stakeholders are affected: Egypt has witnessed increased flow of FDI since the economic reforms in year 2004. Overall FDI stock increased to $ 50.5 million from $ 21.3 million. Increase in FDI flows in year 2007 increased to $ 11.6 from $ 200 million in year 2003. Other than industries such as telecommunication, petroleum, tourism and cement, liberalization and privatization have increased in all industries. One of the dominant non-petroleum recipient of FDI flows is financial sector followed by retail sector, services, agriculture and manufacturing sector. Twelve flow growth was noticed in FDI to the tourism industry. The bilateral investment relationship between US and Egypt was improved in the past decade to about $ 7.5 billion in year 2007 as against $ 1.1 billion in year 2003. The average value of FDI of Egypt stood at 2.44% aster the period of revolution with maximum value at 0.34% in year 2006 and reduction in investment by 0.2% in year 2011. During fiscal year 2009-2010, there was a sharp decrease in real GDP growth rate and outflow of FDI stood at USD 164 million. This has led to increased level of unemployment in nation. A bold and transformation reform program was introduced by Egyptian government in year 2014 that aimed at staging a balanced inclusive growth, enhancing the nations business environment and spurring the economy. Reform implementation along restoration of confidence and stability helped in yielding positive results. This has led to improvement in annual rate of GDP growth of economy to 4.3 percent in year 2015 compared to only 2% in year 2010-2011 (Ferro et al. 306). Some volatility has been displayed due to floatation in the value of exchange rate. However, there has been increased foreign investor demand for local debt instruments du e to strengthening of local exchange rates. In year 2015, Egypt retained its position as one of the top destinations by capital investment with value recorded at $ 14.5 billion. FDI projects in solar power for amount $ 5.9 billion was recorded in year 2015. Since year 2010-2011, economy of Egypt was hardy hit by social and political instability and there was a fall ion real investment growth and real GDP growth rate to -2.1% and 1.8% respectively. There was a significant decrease in consumption and investment growth in year 2012-2013 after a brief recovery. Nonetheless concerning specific FDI sectors, there still exist some restrictions in regard to regulation for some related reasons and national security. For instance, there exist strict regulations in regard to seaport and air management, electricity power grids, gas and oil extracting activities, exchange and other sectors having full governmental control. Liberalization of Egyptian market was done by taking all possible efforts on part of government. The model of bilateral trade agreement was revised by government in an attempt to attract foreign investment leads to balancing of right of state to regulate and protection of investment (De Smet 2014, 11-40). Apart from the measures, some measures also involved considering sustainable development of goals, combating of corruption and refinement of mechanism of international state dispute. Different trade agreement with other nations: Egypt has a large network of bilateral investment treaties and nation has signed more than hundred such agreements. After Angola, nation is ranked second in the list of top African countries in terms of foreign direct investment. Considerable increase has been recorded in flow in FDI to $ 6.9 in year 2015 from $ 4.6 billion in year 2014. Many factors are attributable for the expansion of FDI flows into country such as energy, construction, financial, transport and pharmaceutical industry. Significant efforts are made by Egyptian government for making such investment more attractive. In response to this, there was enactment of Investment Guarantees and Incentives law no. 17 in year 2015. Egyptian legal framework was significantly modified resulting from several investment initiatives. Some of multilateral trade agreement that Egypt is signatory to comprise of general agreement on Trade in services, General agreement on tariffs and trade, Free trade agreement with EFTA states, Greater Arab free trade Area agreement, European Union-Egypt free trade agreement, The common market for eastern and southern Africa, Turkey-Egypt free trade agreement and Agadir free trade agreement among Morocco, Jordan and Tunisia (Hendy et al. 2014). European-Egyptian partnership-An agreement was signed between Europe and Egypt with the intention of liberalizing trade off. This partnership helped in facilitating trading by opening export of manufactured goods to Member states of European markets. Negotiations was also witnessed in liberalization of trade in terms of agricultural products. As per this agreement, parties to trade can engage in trade with each other for period of twelve years (Khalil 2015). Qualified industrial zone-Under this agreement, additional interest for tax free entry of goods to American market was offered by Egypt. The entry of goods is exempted from paying tax on the condition that manufacturing is done by 10.5 of Israeli inputs and by 35% in one of Egyptian qualifying Industrial zones. During the first four year of protocol implementation, it has assisted in increasing growth of export of garments and textiles to United States. Greater Arab free trade Area agreement-The convention on free trade area by 22 Arab countries was ratified under this agreement. It is provided by such convention to overcome all non-tariff barriers such as technical, financial, monetary and administrative. Moreover, this also led to steady elimination of fees, tariffs between such countries. Free trade agreement between Egypt and turkey-This agreement helped in having a direct accessing the large market of Turkey and facilitated free movement of goods and services between these two nations. Common market for eastern and southern Africa-Under this agreement, goods are allowed to enter the market without incurring any fees by creating a common market for southern and eastern Africa free trade zone. A degree of growth and importance for Egypt was enjoyed by trading partners that helped in expanding the level of economic activity. Free movement of goods would be ensured between removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers and member state by operation of common market for Southern and Eastern Africa. Agadir-This particular multilateral agreement enabled establishment of free trade zone between Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt. Free access to each other market is enjoyed by member states without quotas scalable and tariffs. During 20006 and 2007, there was entire activation of customer convention. This ratification has cemented economic ties between countries along with industrial relations. Emergence of this has generated a particular partnership in exportable product production to Arab countries and European Union to the convention of Member states (nder 2016, 251-258). Several bilateral agreement have been signed by Egypt with Arab countries such as Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Jordan and Tunisia. Egypt and China entered into trade agreement in year 1995 along with signing an economic treaty with Russia. An association agreement was signed by Egypt with European Union in year June, 201 that came into force in year 2004. The consequence of finalizing such agreement has led to duty free access of EU products, duty free access of products of Egypt into market of EU for over a period of twelve year. An agricultural annex to their FTA was completed by EU and Egypt in year 2010 that led to liberalization trade of ninety percent of agricultural products (Stearns et al. 2014). Some of the reasons for establishment of foreign trade agreements comprise of following: Developing framework that would encourage foreign investment and strategy development for encouraging investors to make investment in nation. Exchange of experiences and information in the field of investment and increasing awareness of investment by regulating policies and laws that would assist in doing same. Settling investment disputes by providing investors with several options with host countries. Supporting and encouraging for activities such as promotion mission, investment and exhibition, conferences and workshops. Facilitating investment and promoting the same within nations territories. Effects of different trade agreements: Free trade agreements of Egypt helped in potential levering for jobs and growth along with offering the opportunities for making considerable change in future. There was improved access to markets due to removal of tariff on all EU goods. Increased agricultural and textile prices were experienced by Egypt. Tariff elimination with US has led to increase in export prices of clothing and agriculture. The trade relations with United States and participation in international economic agreements has led to improvement in harmony and improved governance. Natural complements of good governance arises from rule of law and freer markets. Centrally controlled economy, there is far more confer on preference and rents on political allies. Practice of custom clearance has led to increment in increased business cost. Inefficiencies of service sector was removed from and there was attenuation of import and export due to prevalence of such agreement (Elshehawy 2014). With regard to qualified industrial zone, agreement helped in boosting exports and this leads to increased chance of recovering market share in labour intensive industry. One of the main reason for creation of such agreement was to remove taboo of Arab countries to openly conduct business with Israeli firms (Marti et al. 2014). A strategic new directions was witnessed and it lead to integration of economy with other regional economy. The long term economic development sustainability of Egypt has received little contribution as a result of political and economic effect. One of the main components of capitalization on intraregional synergies was clear identification of diagonal accumulation among economies. Another social and economic dimension was witnessed in terms of migration issues due to some progress made in security level resulting from bilateral agreements. Signing of agreements with other nations has promoted economic, social and cultural cooperation. Social benefits was offered in range of areas resulting from agreements such as promoting the rule of law, strengthening democracy, development in transport and energy sector and upholding of human rights to trade liberalization. There was progressive reduction in number of custom charges and reduction in tariff is not symmetric. Continuation in urban migration was witnessed despite improved efforts for social programs and rural infrastructure. Factors that has prompted migration to urban areas was due to movement of people in cities and uncertainty of agricultural sector (Vatikiotis 2013). Increased price of basic goods due to free trade has caused hardship among people and threatened the social stability. Other impediments to trade still exist due to many liberalization efforts of Egypt. For reducing trade barriers, a process of trade facilitation was launched by the nation. The procedures of red tape reduced import and exports. Liberalization of trade in Egypt should come with polices that would helped in alleviating the hasty social change. Opening of market trends resulting from such agreements comes with some serious cost of economic adjustments such as bankruptcy, loss of job in certain industries and social hardships. Number of disaffected areas increases along with politically high cost. The precarious ability and overall growth of Egyptian economy has received little contribution of bilateral trade agreements. Conclusion: The analysis of scenario of Egypt after industrial revolution depicts that significant changes were witnessed in several areas of economic development along with development of country on social and political front. Benefits achieved by Egyptian economy were lower than actually projected after the revolution. However, positive benefits could be derived by Egypt from their US relationship. As against confining to one merchandizing trade, a deep agreement in investment and services would benefit the nation. Dynamic effect of such trade agreements would form the basis of economic benefits magnitude. In order to ensure effective im0lementation of regulations and laws as imposed by trade agreements, it is required by nation to incorporate mechanism for monitoring and conditionality. Nonetheless, the analysis of political implications of revolutions is difficult as compared to economic. References list: Abdelrahman, Maha. Egypt's Long Revolution: Protest Movements and Uprisings. Vol. 4. Routledge, 2014. Alexander, Anne, and Mostafa Bassiouny.Bread, freedom, social justice: Workers and the Egyptian revolution. Zed Books Ltd., 2014. Baldwin, Richard. "Trade and industrialization after globalization's second unbundling: How building and joining a supply chain are different and why it matters."Globalization in an age of crisis: Multilateral economic cooperation in the twenty-first century. University of Chicago Press, 2013. 165-212. Bank, Afrexim. "Regional value chains: A prequisite for integration into global value chains. African Trade Report 2014. African Export-Import Bank. Afrexim Bank July 2015, Cairo, Egypt." (2015). Bastos, Paulo, Joana Silva, and Eric Verhoogen. Export destinations and input prices. No. w20143. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. Daoud, Hussam-Eldin, and Mazen Basha. "EXPORT-LED GROWTH: TIME SERIES APPROACH ANALYSIS CASE OF JORDAN, KUWAIT, AND EGYPT ." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 11.7 (2015). De Smet, Brecht. "Revolution and counter-revolution in Egypt." Science Society 78.1 (2014): 11-40. Elshehawy, Mohamed A., Hongfang Shen, and Rania A. Ahmed. "The factors affecting Egypts exports: Evidence from the gravity model analysis." Open Journal of Social Sciences 2.11 (2014): 138. Ferro, Maria Joo, and Sandra Ribeiro. "tHE roLE oF LAnGuAGE In IntErnAtIonAL trAdE: HoW doES LAnGuAGE AFFEct tHE cHoIcE oF ForEIGn trAdInG PArtnErS?." Interdisciplinarity in Social and Human Sciences 5 (2016): 608. Gunning, Jeroen, and Ilan Zvi Baron. Why occupy a square?: People, protests and movements in the Egyptian revolution. Oxford University Press, 2014. Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim. "Are Export Sanctions Effective." Economic Research Forum Policy Brief. Vol. 18. 2016. Hendy, Rana, and Chahir Zaki. "Trade Facilitation and Firms Exports: The Case of Egypt." Economic Research Forum (ERF), Working Paper 843. 2014. Loewe, Markus. "Industrial policy in Egypt 2004-2011." (2013). Mart, Luisa, and Rosa Puertas. "The importance of export logistics and trade costs in emerging economies." Maritime Economics Logistics 19.2 (2017): 315-333 nder, Ali Sina, and Hakan Yilmazkuday. "Trade partner diversification and growth: How trade links matter." Journal of Macroeconomics 50 (2016): 241-258. Panza, Laura. "De?industrialization and re?industrialization in the Middle East: reflections on the cotton industry in Egypt and in the Izmir region." The Economic History Review 67.1 (2014): 146-169. Scott, Emma. "China-Egypt trade and investment tiesseeking a better balance." (2015). Seyoum, Belay. Export-Import theory, practices, and procedures. Routledge, 2013 Stearns, Peter N. Debating the Industrial Revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. Tignor, Robert L. State, private enterprise and economic change in Egypt, 1918-1952. Princeton University Press, 2017. Titus, Okwu Andy, D. Samuel, and Owolabu Sunday Ajao. "A Comparative Analysis of Export Promotion Strategies in Selected African Countries (South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt)." International Journal of Management Sciences 1.6 (2013): 204-211., Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J., ed. Egypt Since the Revolution (RLE Egypt). Routledge, 2013.

Delta Song Case Analysis free essay sample

Possible cost drivers that will allow us to estimate a salary cost function for Delta are: available seat miles, number of departures, available ton miles, revenue passenger miles, and revenue ton miles. The two cost drivers we chose were revenue passenger miles and available ton miles. The salaries consist of payments to pilots, flight attendants and ticket agents. Their salaries are determined by the number of passengers and cargoes and the miles or hours flown. This is why we chose revenue passenger miles and available ton miles. After calculation we found that the R2 of revenue passenger miles is . 1764, and the R2 of available ton miles is . 5577. We used scatter plots to show this: The available ton miles scatter plot shows a more linear relationship between the two variables. Low point (3132, 1145), high point (4029, 1514) Salary=0. 4114xavailable ton miles-143. 50 The greatest advantage about this technique is that it only uses two data so it is convenient. We will write a custom essay sample on Delta Song Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The disadvantages are that the data is inefficient. This is because the data is based on cost function for only two periods, meaning it is less accurate. Simple Regression Using simpler regression to estimate the salary cost with available ton miles as the cost driver. These are the results: Coefficients Intercept X Variable 1 -682. 643 0. 551693 Standard deviation 282. 6033 0. 79698 Salary= 0. 5517x available ton miles- 682. 63 R2=0. 5577, and the coefficients are larger than the deviations so it is valid. Regression analysis is more reliable at measuring cost behavior than other measurement methods. This is because this technique uses statistics to fit a cost function in all historical data. The regression analysis technique is an improvement compared to the high low method. It also allows analysts to pick out the best cost driver. A disadvantage with the regression analysis method is that only one cost driver is considered, so it can’t completely explain the variation of salaries. Multiple Regression We chose revenue passenger miles and available ton miles. The results we got are as follows: Coefficients Intercept X Variable 1 X Variable 2 -1144. 55 1. 051937 -72. 2955 Standard Deviation 243. 2101 0. 120829 14. 88974 Salary=-1144. 55+1. 05xavailable ton miles-72. 0xrevenue passenger miles R2=0. 5577, and strandard deviations are smaller than coefficients, so it is statistically valid. This technique is an improvement over simple regression. This is because this technique uses more cost drivers and provides results are closer to the data given. Questions 1-3 If the conditions are not met, the cost functions will be less useful. The const functions in Question 1-3 are based on the assumption that the wages per hour remain the same and there is no addition labor needed, so it’s useful only under certain conditions. Using the background of the industry and company’s circumstance into consideration, we think these are important: ? The present equilibrium between Delta and the labor unions is not interfered. However, issues concerning lowering pilots’ salaries to industry level will not be obstructed by union forces. Also, employees other than pilots will not join labor unions to require higher payments. If not, adjustments on cost structure will be weak and Delta Song will turn out to be another Delta Express. ? Reducing staffs or cutting salaries are to be formulated. Restrictions about layoffs will directly lead to weak control over budgets, and in turn create similar problems as high salaries do. ? Lastly, the new fixed cost caused by new security directives after September 11 terrorist attacks. However, it shouldn’t become a major concern for song because security costs can be expected amid the whole industry. Salary Cost for Jet Blue According to Question 1, available ton miles should be used to estimate the salary cost. However, available ton miles of 2002 Q3 are low. We drew a scatter plot to show this: In this situation, available ton miles and salaries are not linear. The scatter plot of revenue passenger miles and salaries is as follows: Revenue passenger miles and salaries are quite linear. We use the high low method technique to estimate the salary cost with revenue passenger miles as cost driver. Low point (599. 4, 16000), high point (2016. 2,49000) Salary=23. 29xrevenue passenger miles+2038. 83 Estimating the salaries cost for Delta Song in its first year To estimate the salaries cost of Song, we used the historical salaries cost of JetBlue to predict Song’s salary because Song does not have any historical data for reference. We assumed that Song can achieve the same revenue passenger miles as JetBlue in every quarter, and Jetblue’s salaries are linear with time series. To determine Song’s salary, three deviations must be taken into consideration: ? Song pilots’ per hour wage are $100 more than those of JetBlue on average. We numbered each quarter in 2001 and 2002 from 1 to 8, and made simple regression between the time series and revenue air hours Quarter